11. A typical example is the referred pain zone on the left forearm from angina pectoris. 12. Further, recent research has found that ketamine, a sedative, is capable of blocking referred pain . 13. Furthermore, referred pain generally appears within seconds in humans as opposed to minutes in animal models. 14. The condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical, non-mechanical, or referred pain . 15. Referred pain is sharper, better localized, and less likely to be accompanied by autonomic or emotional signs.16. Referred pain usually involves a specific, " referred " location so is not associated with a dermatome.17. "' Aaron's sign "'is a referred pain felt in the epigastrium upon continuous firm pressure over McBurney's point. 18. Symptoms may be felt in areas far from the actual site of damage, a phenomenon called referred pain . 19. The pain is usually in the hip, but can also be felt in the knee ( referred pain ). 20. Essential to remember is that the pattern of referred pain in no way hints at the spinal level involved.
