It is hypothesized that a few saxicolous species common to dry regions of western North America, southern Europe, North Africa and central Asia may date back 240 million years to the Middle Triassic.
12.
In nature, bromeliads grow on trees or other objects ( epiphytic types ), on rocks ( saxicolous ), in soil ( terrestrial ) or in areas with very little water ( xerophytic ).
13.
""'Peltula " "'is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark gray squamulose lichens that can be saxicolous ( grow on rock ) ) or terricolous ( grow on soil ).
14.
They have naturally been established in diverse environments such as equatorial tropical rain forests, high elevation Andes mountains, rock dwelling ( saxicolous ) regions, and Louisiana swamps, such as the usneoides ( Spanish Moss ) species growing atop tree limbs . "'Airplant "'is a common name for plants in this genus.
15.
It was also stated that " N . josecuervoi " is typically saxicolous, whereas it was unclear whether their interpretation of the terricolous species ( " N . pulchribarbara " ) included thalli with salazainic acid since only " N . josecuervoi " was mentioned as growing on sand ( less than 2 % ) in their data ( Table 2 ) on ground coverage of lichens at the type locality.
16.
It may be confused with " L . crassissima " and " L . incana " because of its similar chemistry, but it occurs in different biogeography and ecology . " L . crassissima " is mainly saxicolous ( grows on rock ), and is a European species with a thallus similar to " L . cryophila ", with a well developed hypothallus and rhizohyphae as well as ascending thallus margins.
17.
A specimen collected by Charles Darwin was noted by him to have been found at " Iquique, 2, 000 to 3, 000 ft high, where clouds often hang, lying without adhesion on bare sand . . . through the coast mountains, no other plant on the coast for 16 morphological differences between the corticulous and saxicolous groups, only a lack of applying the appropriate types to the names, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
18.
In 1994, Follmann reportedly encountered a " lichen oasis " at 800 900 meters altitude further north than where the " Darwin Oasis " was thought to have occurred in northern Chile . " Vermilacinia ceruchis " was not among the " macrolichens " lichens he reportedly found, which were : " " Heterodermia leucomelos, Niebla tigrina, Ramalina celastri, R . cochlearis, R . peruviana, R . pilulifera, Roccellina suffruticosa ", and " Xanthoria mendozae ", all deviating ecologically and ( or ) morphologically from the typical forms . " These were in " mats " in sheltered soil depressions among cactus skeletons and diorite rocks that had " mass development of saxicolous ecotype of " Chrysothrix pavonii " ".
19.
They distinguished " Niebla pulchribarbara " from " Niebla homalea " and also from one other new species they described ( " Niebla josecuervoi " ) by the medulla reaction to " para "-phenylenediamine, depsidones ( pd + ), depsides ( pd-), while they also selected a different chemotype for each holotype ( biology ), protocetraric acid for " N . pulchribarbara ", salazinic acid for " N . josecuervoi "; however, the two new species were distinguished by the habit of the thallus, saxicolous with branches connected to a basal holdfast ( " N . josecuervoi " ), and terricolous, lying loose on sand ( " N . pulchribarbara " ).
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