Its presence despite this short lifetime indicates that an active source of the gas must be present . serpentinization " involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.
12.
If bending-related faulting and serpentinization is an important process beneath outer trench swells, there are probably also abundant low-temperature hydrothermal vents on the swells, similar to those of the Lost City ( hydrothermal field ).
13.
Strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope data and radiocarbon ages document at least 30, 000 years of hydrothermal activity driven by serpentinization reactions at Lost City, making the Lost City older than known black smoker vents by at least two orders of magnitude.
14.
The high pH is interpreted to be a consequence of serpentinization of chondritic rock that leads to the generation of H 2, a geochemical source of energy that can support both abiotic and biological synthesis of organic molecules such as those that have been detected in Enceladus's plumes.
15.
For example, it was announced that the anomalous amounts of Methane in the atmosphere of Mars could only be explained by there being active microbial life there . . . until someone suggested that " serpentinization " could be responsible . . . and now we're not so sure again.
16.
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen ( ), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen ( ) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons ( H + ) of the ferrous ( Fe 2 + ) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (, the olivine iron-endmember ).
17.
The Chimaera gas seep, near Antalya ( SW Turkey ), new and thorough molecular and isotopic analyses including methane ( ~ 87 % v / v; D13C1 from-7.9 to-12.3 0; D13D1 from-119 to-124 0 ), light alkanes ( C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 = 0.5 %; C6 + : 0.07 %; D13C2 from-24.2 to-26.5 0; D13C3 from-25.5 to-27 0 ), hydrogen ( 7.5 to 11 % ), carbon dioxide ( 0.01-0.07 %; D13CCO2 :-15 0 ), helium ( ~ 80 ppmv; R / Ra : 0.41 ) and nitrogen ( 2-4.9 %; D15N from-2 to-2.8 0 ) converge to indicate that the seep releases a mixture of organic thermogenic gas, related to mature Type III kerogen occurring in Paleozoic and Mesozoic organic rich sedimentary rocks, and abiogenic gas produced by low temperature serpentinization in the Tekirova ophiolitic unit.
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