The authors found this surprising, since nemertines have spiral cleavage in the early stages of cell division and form a trochophore larva, while brachiopods have radial cleavage and a larva that shows no sign of having evolved from a trochophore.
12.
Other Lophotrochozoan phyla ( rotifers, brachiopods, phoronids, gastrotrichs, and bryozoans ) are also said to display a derived form of spiral cleavage in at least a portion of their constituent species, although evidence for this is sparse.
13.
With this new understanding of animal phylogeny, the presence of spiral cleavage in polyclad platyhelminths, as well as the more traditional Spiralia, has led to the hypothesis that spiral cleavage was present ancestrally across the Lophotrochozoa as a whole.
14.
With this new understanding of animal phylogeny, the presence of spiral cleavage in polyclad platyhelminths, as well as the more traditional Spiralia, has led to the hypothesis that spiral cleavage was present ancestrally across the Lophotrochozoa as a whole.
15.
Research from the 1970s onwards suggested they were deuterostomes, because of some features that were thought characteristic of deuterostomes : a three-part coelom; radial rather than spiral cleavage in the development of the embryo; and formation of the coelom by enterocoely.
16.
The zygote ( fertilised egg ) divides by spiral cleavage and grows by determinate development, The embryos of most taxa develop either directly to form family Hubrechtidae form a pilidium larva, which can capture unicellular algae and which Maslakova describes as like a deerstalker cap with the ear flaps pulled down.
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