11. Methodological innovations ( e . g ., meta-analyses, structural equation modeling ) were adopted. 12. Analysts typically employ some type of clustering analysis or structural equation modeling to identify segments within the data. 13. Structural equation modeling approaches can accommodate measurement error, and are less restrictive than least-squares estimation.14. In this book, Pearl espouses the Structural Causal Model ( SCM ) that uses structural equation modeling. 15. More generally, principal component analysis can be used as a method of factor analysis in structural equation modeling. 16. An alternative method of growth curve analysis is latent growth curve modeling using structural equation modeling ( SEM ). 17. The PLS structural equation model is composed of two sub-models : the measurement model and structural model. 18. Various methods in structural equation modeling have been used in the sciences, business, education, and other fields. 19. CFA is also frequently used as a first step to assess the proposed measurement model in a structural equation model. 20. Statistical methods used include structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear modeling ( HLM; also known as multilevel modeling ).
