Karip�na French Creole's semi-passive verbal adjective form may, rather than the result of a superstratum French influence, be a construction derived from one of Karip�na's many substratum languages.
12.
Despite other influences ( e . g . " substratum " from pre-Roman languages, especially Continental Celtic languages; and " superstratum " from later SVO sentence structure and make extensive use of prepositions.
13.
The " superstratum " case refers to migratory elite populations which eventually adopt the local language ( an example would be the Burgundians and Franks in France, who eventually abandoned their Germanic dialects in favor of Romance ).
14.
The substratum-superstratum distinction becomes awkward when multiple superstrata must be assumed ( such as in Papiamentu ), when the substratum cannot be identified, or when the presence or the survival of substratal evidence is inferred from mere typological analogies.
15.
It is important to note that underlying the Bell beaker superstratum existed a wide diversity in local burial styles ( including incidences of cremation rather than burial ), housing styles, economic profile and local coarse ceramic wares which continued to persist.
16.
Other evidence he adduces for a Semitic superstratum include a Semitic influence on the Germanic form of the Indo-European ablaut system and similarities between Germanic paganism and Mesopotamian mythology, for instance the parallelism between Freyja and Ishtar, goddesses of war and love.
17.
Through market globalization, the tendency Marx described in the Neil Smith argues, " [ n ] o part of the earth s surface, the atmosphere, the oceans, the geological substratum, or the biological superstratum are immune from transformation by capital ."
18.
If the association of Battle Axe cultures with Indo-European languages is correct, then Fatyanovo would be a culture with an Indo-European superstratum over a Uralic substratum, and may account for some of the linguistic borrowings identified in the Indo-Uralic thesis.
19.
Whether the superstratum case ( the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears ) or the substratum one ( the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists ) applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture.
20.
Laade s picture ( 1968 ) of Australian and Papuan settlement in Torres Strait supports the above scenario of Papuan and Austronesian speakers who shifted to an Australian language over a long period of time, the Austronesians being culturally a superstratum, however not in a position to impose their language.
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