11. For this type of electron-transfer reactions R . A . Marcus has developed his theory. 12. For electron transfer reactions , this is usually one. 13. Copper ( lll ) is used, as it is involved in many biological electron transfer reactions . 14. The next two reactions do not involve the formation of ions but are still proton-transfer reactions . 15. As mentioned previously, ITP3K catalyzes a phosphoryl transfer reaction that converts IP 3 to IP 4. 16. The nature of chain transfer reactions is currently well understood and is given in standard polymerization textbooks. 17. Together they may undergo charge-transfer reactions . 18. An induced-fit mechanism has been revealed for how 50S catalyzes the peptidyl transfer reaction and prevents peptidyl hydrolysis. 19. The observed proton transfer reactions and the protein conformational changes relate to the gating of the cation channel. 20. In general, enzymes that catalyze oxygen-transfer reactions are of great utility in chemical synthesis since they work drug monitoring.