11. Larger flies such as tsetse fly and screwworm cause significant economic harm to cattle. 12. Human African trypanosomiasis is vector-borne, and spread through the bite of the tsetse fly . 13. Local workers were employed to catch tsetse fly , using black umbrellas to attract them. 14. It is a microaerophilic secondary endosymbiont of the tsetse fly . 15. Young was also particularly interested in tsetse fly research. 16. It is transmitted by the Tsetse fly and is found almost exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. 17. He published papers on tsetse fly bionomics and control, enhanced by figures he himself drew. 18. Moreover, blacks were relocated to areas with bad soil, endemic malaria, and tsetse fly infestations. 19. Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis, is spread by the bite of the tsetse fly . 20. This ritual consisted of mothers killing the tsetse flies and sprinkling them on horned melon.