Such models suggest that cultural development is unilinear and reflects brain development, with Europeans representing the allegedly most developed stage and other populations across the world reflecting more primitive stages of cultural as well as brain development.
12.
There has been some controversy in the literature as to whether there was a direct unilinear, " in situ ", transition from one to the other or whether the two manifestations actually represent two different groups.
13.
This went against the basic notion in historical materialism that history was unilinear rather than multilinear, and proved that other factors than the productive forces in society " could determine the mode of production in a given society ".
14.
The concept of using modernization as an alternative to Americanization has been criticized by Hallin and Mancini for carrying an evolutionist connotation, as an implicit assumption that change is to be seen as progress, necessary and unilinear.
15.
Ji and Wittfogel differed from Stalin and the Comintern, who insisted that all human history developed in the same stages whether in Europe or Asia, and who insisted that the Asiatic mode of production did not fit into this unilinear pattern.
16.
Gould also disagrees with Jensen's belief that IQ tests measure a real variable, " g ", or " the general factor common to a large number of cognitive abilities " which can be measured along a unilinear scale.
17.
Childe was heavily critical of the " Marrist " trend in Soviet archaeology, based on the theories of Georgian philologist Nicholas Marr, which rejected diffusionism in favour of unilinear evolutionism; instead, Childe saw diffusionism as a key part of historical development.
18.
As should be clear from the subtitle of his book, Rostow sought to provide a capitalist rebuttal to the unilinear Marxist growth models being pursued in the newly independent communist regimes in the second and third world; an effort that would lead to the " Red revolution ".
19.
Heinz criticizes that such unilinear models do not only fail to acknowledge the diversity of human development but also project structurally oversimplified models of top-down control and bottom-up subjection onto brain areas, thus failing to adequately reflect complex interactions in the human central nervous system.
20.
This approach was more nuanced than White s theory of " unilinear evolution . " Steward rejected the 19th-century notion of progress, and instead called attention to the Darwinian notion of " adaptation ", arguing that all societies had to adapt to their environment in some way.
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