11. Finally, valence band electrons can also fill core holes or be emitted during KVV-type transitions. 12. In direct RIXS, the incoming photon promotes a core-electron to an empty valence band state. 13. Where is the maximum energy of the valence band . 14. :Classification as metal / semiconductor / insulator is based on band gap and valence band . 15. So electrons near the top of the valence band behave like they have negative mass. 16. Such levels can be formed by conduction and valence bands in narrow gap indirect semiconductors. 17. However, first the electron has to be excited from the valence band into the conduction band. 18. VB = valence band , CB = conduction band 19. Graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor, because its conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points. 20. Then the valence band offset is given by:
