In the course of analogical reasoning, figurative analogies become weak if the disanalogies of the entities being compared are relevant in the same way that literal analogies become weak.
22.
The term " false analogy " comes from the philosopher John Stuart Mill, who was one of the first individuals to engage in a detailed examination of analogical reasoning.
23.
At this time, the Sh + a distinguished themselves from the Sunni in the category of law, which employed such methods as qiyas " analogical reasoning " and exegesis ".
24.
The Islamic " Sharia " law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs.
25.
Wael Hallaq has argued that the rejection of " qiyas " ( analogical reasoning ) in Zahiri methodology led to exclusion of the school from the Sunni juridical consensus and ultimately its extinction in the pre-modern era.
26.
Structure mapping is analogical reasoning that people use to give meaning to problems by translating the givens of a problem into a representation or mental model that they already have and which allows them to understand the problem.
27.
Philosophers of science such as Charles Sanders Peirce, Norwood Russell Hanson, Stephen Toulmin, and Karl Popper have repeatedly turned to Kepler : examples of incommensurability, analogical reasoning, falsification, and many other philosophical concepts have been found in Kepler's work.
28.
On the other hand, al-Ghazali ( 1058 1111 ) ( and in modern times, Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi ) argued that " Qiyas " refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense.
29.
Thus, Paley's use of the watch ( and other mechanical objects like it ) continued a long and fruitful tradition of analogical reasoning that was well received by those who read " Natural Theology " when it was published in 1802.
30.
Analogical reasoning can be viewed as a form of inductive reasoning from a single example, but if it is intended as inductive reasoning it is a bad example, because inductive reasoning typically uses a large number of examples to reason from the particular to the general.
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