21. The question is whether the automatism was the result of a mental disorder or not. 22. Mary Carroll Nelson founded the automatism . 23. This was held not to qualify as automatism as the appelant had entered this state voluntarily. 24. Formerly the courts would draw a distinction between " sane " and " insane " automatism . 25. The condition was earlier described by Cl�rambault in the context with his research on mental automatisms . 26. "Automatism was neither to be expected nor to be desired, " said Issing. 27. Others consider the items created through automatism to be finished works themselves, needing no further refinement. 28. This means that insane automatisms do not require total loss of voluntary control ( see below ). 29. However, there have been cases where the automatism defence was successful when none of these apply. 30. Traditional modes of art composition were looked away from in favor of improvisation, spontaneity and automatism .
