At the temperatures prevailing in the plasma a significant proportion of the atoms of many chemical elements are ionized, each atom losing its most loosely bound electron to form a singly charged ion.
22.
I consider an unbound electron to be like an icy small solar system body, and a bound electron to be like the same SSSB vaporised and converted to the atmosphere of a planet.
23.
Positively charged ions are produced by transferring a sufficient amount of energy to a bound electron in a collision with charged particles ( e . g . ions, electrons or positrons ) or with photons.
24.
However, if the lower state is in an inner shell, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the energy is transferred to another bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum.
25.
A normally bound electron ( e . g ., in a bond ) in a reverse-biased diode may break loose due to a thermal fluctuation or excitation, creating a mobile electron-hole pair.
26.
The term inelastic is used to signify that energy is lost during the process ( the collisions may result both in excitations of bound electrons of the medium, and in excitations of the electron cloud of the ion as well ).
27.
Conventional light detectors so called " Square-law detectors " respond to the photon energy to free bound electrons, and since the energy flux scales as the square of the electric field, so does the rate at which electrons are freed.
28.
In this case, a visible photon or a characteristic x-ray is emitted, or a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place, where the released energy is transferred to another bound electron, causing it to go into the continuum.
29.
The illustration is that we make a bunch of bound electron ( 50 / 50 chance of being measured " up " or " down " ) pairs, then separate them so that a bunch are on our Alpha Centauri colony and a bunch are on Earth.
30.
For example, in semiconductors, an electron ( or hole ) with enough kinetic energy can knock a bound electron out of its bound state ( in the valence band ) and promote it to a state in the conduction band, creating an electron-hole pair.
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