The rapid reaction of belite hydration in the setting of cement is formally " chemically analogue " to the slow natural hydration of forsterite ( the magnesium end-member of olivine ) leading to the formation of serpentine and brucite in nature.
22.
Since the combined hydrated magnesium oxychloride, brucite ( magnesium hydroxide )-later hydromagnesite ( magnesium chlorocarbonate ) and aragonite ( calcium carbonate ) coating that forms is so similar to natural reef substrate, corals take to biorock reefs very readily.
23.
However the lower charge in brucite's magnesium ( + 2 ) as opposed to gibbsite's aluminium ( + 3 ) does not require that one third of the octahedrons be vacant of a central ion in order to maintain a neutral sheet.
24.
This is why the reaction leads to the elimination of the excess of portlandite ( Ca ( OH ) 2 ) and brucite ( Mg ( OH ) 2 ), respectively, out of the silicate system, giving rise to the crystallization of both hydroxides as separate phases.
25.
The hydroxide ion displays cylindrical symmetry in hydroxides of divalent metals Ca, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Co . For example, magnesium hydroxide Mg ( OH ) 2 ( brucite ) crystallizes with the cadmium iodide layer structure, with a kind of close-packing of magnesium and hydroxide ions.
26.
Serpentine is stable at high pH in the presence of brucite like calcium silicate hydrate, ( C-S-H ) phases formed along with portlandite ( Ca ( OH ) 2 ) in hardened Portland cement paste after the hydration of belite ( Ca 2 SiO 4 ), the artificial calcium equivalent of forsterite.
27.
This rapid reaction is " chemically analogue " to the slow natural hydration of forsterite ( the magnesium end-member of olivine ) leading to the formation of serpentine and brucite in nature, although the kinetic of hydration of poorly crystallized artificial belite is much faster than the slow weathering of well crystallized Mg-olivine under natural conditions.
28.
Other early structures included copper, calcium fluoride ( CaF 2, also known as " fluorite " ), calcite ( CaCO 3 ) and pyrite ( FeS 2 ) in 1914; spinel ( MgAl 2 O 4 ) in 1915; the rutile and anatase forms of titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) in 1916; pyrochroite Mn ( OH ) 2 and, by extension, brucite Mg ( OH ) 2 in 1919;.
29.
LDHs can be seen as derived from hydroxides of divalent cations with the brucite layer structure [ AdBAdB ] " n ", by oxidation or cation replacement in the metal layers ( d ), so as to give them an excess positive electric charge; and intercalation of extra anion layers ( Z ) between the hydroxide layers ( A, B ) to neutralize that charge, resulting in the structure [ AcBZAcB ] " n ".
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