"The concerns of human rights advocates increase when they observe that international human rights laws are breached not only by their recognized opponents, " but by " Western democracies . . . which count themselves among the initial codifiers of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, " she said.
22.
The Encyclopedists of France, products of the so-called Age of Reason, remain the most prolific codifiers of the human ( and other ) species on an ambitiously comprehensive scale, and their scholarly industry conferred a scientific benediction on a purely commercial project that saw millions of souls dragged across the ocean to serve as beasts of burden.
23.
"The concerns of human rights advocates increase when they observe that international human rights laws are breached not only by their recognized opponents . . . but these principles are also being violated in Western democracies, in other words countries which themselves among the initial codifiers of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, " she said.
24.
By the early 14th century, a number of Quanzhen works asserted that Liu had conveyed the teachings of the venerable Zhongli Quan to Wang Chongyang in the north and to Zhang Boduan in the south, a claim that was no doubt extremely useful to Quanzhen textual codifiers who sought to find a common origin for their Northern and Southern Lineages ( Boltz 1987 : 173 ).
25.
He is most famous for his " Yad Mal'aki " ( 1766-7 ), a methodological work and compilation in three parts : part one contains an alphabetical list of all the rules and technical terms found in the Talmud, with explanations; part two deals with rules regarding the codifiers; part three deals with the rules relating to legal decisions, explaining certain general principles of legal responsa.
26.
That being said, Sephardic and Mizrachi Rabbis tend to hold different, and generally more lenient, positions on " halacha " than their Ashkenazi counterparts, but since these positions are based on rulings of Talmudic scholars as well as well documented traditions that can be linked back to well known codifiers of Jewish law, Ashkenazi and Hasidic Rabbis do not believe that these positions are incorrect, but rather that they are the appropriate interpretation of " halacha " for Jews of Sephardic and Mizrachi descent.
27.
Although the terse yet clear notes contained in these volumes reveal the immense learning and critical insight of their author, yet Berlin's lasting place of honor among the pioneers of Talmudic criticism rests on the following works, which treat principally of the Talmud : ( 1 ) "'Omer ha-Shik % ah " ( Forgotten Sheaf ), K�nigsberg, 1860, containing a large number of Halakot on the Talmud not noted by the codifiers; ( 2 ) " O?ar Balum " ( Full Treasure ), in the edition of Jacob ibn $ abib's "'En Ya'a3 ob ", published at Wilna in 1899, tracing all the Talmudic passages quoted without sources in the different commentaries on the haggadic elements of the Talmud; ( 3 ) " Haggahot ha-Shas " ( Notes to the Talmud ), textual corrections and notes on the origin of parallel passages ( Dyhernfurth, 1800, and in nearly all the editions of the Talmud ); ( 4 ) " Hafla'ah Sheba-' Arakin " ( Detached Orders ) ( part i ., Breslau, 1830; part ii ., Vienna, 1859 ), containing, as the title indicates, explanations and glosses on the'Aruk; ( 5 ) " $ iddushe ha-Shas ", novell?on the Talmud ( K�nigsberg, 1860, and in several editions of the Talmud ); ( 6 ) " Min?Targuma " ( Dessert Dishes ), Breslau, 1831, remarks on the Targum Onkelos ( the word " Targuma " signifying both " Targum " and " dessert ", equivalent to the Greek ??????? ) and on the Palestinian Targum; ( 7 ) " Kashiyot Meyushab " ( Difficulties Answered ), K�nigsberg, 1860, treating of the Talmudic passages which end with, and written by Berlin in fourteen days; ( 8 ) " Rishon le?ion " ( The First for Zion; Dyhernfurth, 1793; Vienna, 1793, and several times reprinted, the title being a play on, " Zion ", and, " index " ), a collection of indexes and parallel passages in the Midrash; ( 9 ) " She'elat Shalom " ( Greeting of Peace ), Dyhernfurth, 1786, a commentary on A % a of Shub % a's " She'iltot . " Berlin's responsa collection and his commentary on the Tosefta deserve especial mention, though nothing is known of their fate.
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