In the forward-active region, the Early effect modifies the collector current ( i _ \ text { C } ) and the forward common emitter current gain ( \ beta _ F ) as given by:
22.
The amplified signal from Q1 is directly fed to the second stage, Q3, which is a common emitter stage that provides further amplification of the signal and the DC bias for the output stages, Q4 and Q5.
23.
In a Common Emitter amplifier ( based on a Bipolar Junction Transistor ), if I choose to use the constant VBE biasing ( using a voltage divider at the base ), how should I establish a constant collector current?
24.
Transistor-based amplification can be realized using various configurations : for example a bipolar junction transistor can realize common base, common collector or common emitter amplification; a MOSFET can realize common gate, common source or common drain amplification.
25.
Contrary, current and voltage sources can be connected to each other without any problems, and this technique is widely used in circuitry ( e . g ., in differential amplifier stages with common emitter current source, etc .)
26.
The common emitter configuration driven by a constant input current or voltage and common source ( common cathode ) driven by a constant voltage naturally behave as current sources ( or sinks ) because the output impedance of these devices is naturally high.
27.
In the analysis of a bipolar junction transistor, for example in a common emitter configuration, the DC voltage at the collector, emitter, and base ( with respect to ground ) may be written as " "'V"
28.
Remember, the gain of a common emitter amplifier is ( roughly ) the ratio of the collector resistance over the total emitter resistance ( counting the internal R E of the transistor plus any external resistance / impedance that you add ); the bypass capacitor brings the total emitter resistance down to the typical few ohms or tens of ohms R E inherent in the transistor itself.
29.
At differential mode ( the two input voltages change in opposite directions ), the two voltage ( emitter ) followers oppose each other-while one of them tries to increase the voltage of the common emitter point, the other tries to decrease it ( figuratively speaking, one of them " pulls up " the common point while the other " pulls down " it so that it stays immovable ) and v . v . So, the common point does not change its voltage; it behaves like a virtual ground with a magnitude determined by the common-mode input voltages.
30.
However teh configuration is usefull because a ) the output is at higher impedance than the input and so there is voltage gain ( and therfore power gain ); b ) it is usefull in sitautions where the signal source is low impedance, and the following circuitry is relatively high impedance; and c ) the configuration puts a signal ground between the the collector-base capacitance and input, improving high frequency performance; d ) there is a notional feedback resistance ( Early effect ) between collector and base that causes negative feedbakc and thereby lowers the output resistance in the common emitter configuration.
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