However, the story is not so simple, because most ultramafic-mafic layered intrusions also correlate with craton margins, perhaps because they are exhumed more efficiently in cratonic margins because of faulting and subsequent orogeny.
22.
The limestone is a vestige of an early shallow cratonic sea that covered what would become Indiana, while the North-South linearity of the region is left over from the Cincinnati Uplift, sloping the rock layers from a high in the East sloping downward towards Cairo, Illinois.
23.
Early projects included field and laboratory work in the Sierra Nevada batholith, the Idaho batholith and what later became known as accreted terranes west of it, metamorphic rocks of east Tennessee, a major crustal-extension earthquake in Montana, and extreme deformation of cratonic strata in southeast California.
24.
In 1865 Jules Verne's novel " From the Earth to the Moon " introduced the concept of a ballistic projectile escaping the Earth's gravity, from which Phipps Morgan and others derived the name " Verneshot " in their paper theorizing a connection between extinction events and cratonic gas ejection.
25.
The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28 billion years and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield.
26.
It is also quite likely that what we see as a cratonic margin today may have been created by the action of a plume event initiating a continental rifting episode; therefore the tectonic setting of most large layered complexes must be carefully weighed in terms of geochemistry and the nature of the host sequence, and in some cases a mixed mechanism can be possible.
27.
This continental configuration is based on the available geological reconstructions of 2.1 1.8 Ga orogens and related Archean cratonic blocks, especially on those reconstructions between South America vs West Africa, Eastern Australia vs Arabia, Laurentia vs Baltica, Siberia vs Laurentia, Western Australia vs Southern Africa, East Antarctica vs Laurentia, North China vs Eastern Australia and Arabia vs South China.
28.
The right-lateral strike slip Tintina Fault occurs along the suture zone between the YTT ( on the south and west ) and ancestral North America to the east; it forms a significant boundary between North America cratonic rocks and rocks of the YTT and associated terranes-although displaced continental rocks are found south of the Tintina Fault and pieces of the YTT occur north of the Tintina Fault.
29.
Archaean greenstones are found in the Slave craton, northern Canada, Pilbara craton and Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Gawler Craton in South Australia, and in the Wyoming Craton in the US . Examples are found in South and Eastern Africa, namely the Kaapvaal craton and also in the cratonic core of Madagascar, as well as West Africa and Brazil, northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula ( see Baltic Shield ).
30.
Under this model, the rocks dating to 3.8 Ga solidified only after much of the crust was destroyed by the LHB . Collectively, the Acasta Gneiss in the North American cratonic shield and the gneisses within the Jack Hills portion of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia are the oldest continental fragments on Earth, yet they appear to post-date the LHB . The oldest mineral yet dated on Earth, a zircon from Jack Hills, predates this event, but it may simply be a fragment of crust left over from the LHB, contained within a much younger ( ~ 3.8 Ga old ) rock.
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