The three-stratum theory is derived primarily from Spearman's ( 1927 ) model of general intelligence and Horn & Cattell's ( 1966 ) theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
22.
In the cognitive abilities domain, Cattell researched a wide range of abilities, but is best known for the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence . and the Raven's.
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There are further more advanced concepts and factor models attempting to explain individual cognitive ability including the categorization of intelligence in fluid and crystallized intelligence or the hierarchical model of intelligence differences.
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Stratum II ( broad abilities ) : 8 broad abilities fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, and processing speed.
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While an older person may lose some processing speed, attention, concentration, and memory performance, such person's " crystallized intelligence ", which covers previous verbal learning and a general fund of knowledge, remains fairly stable during a person's full lifetime.
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Cattell theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligence to explain human cognitive ability, investigated changes in Gf and Gc over the lifespan, and constructed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test to minimize the bias of written language and cultural background in intelligence testing.
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The distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence can only emerge to the extent that it is possible to develop a battery of tests that accurately distinguishes between material to which test takers should have been exposed and tasks that they should find novel . ( Johnson & Bouchard, 2005)
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Indeed, McCutcheon et al . sought to prove in their Journal of Psychology article that fans of celebrities display a general deficit in their'( verbal ) creativity, crystallized intelligence, critical thinking, spatial ability, arithmetic skills and need for cognition', which in their opinion makes fans inherently prone to worshiping celebrities.
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Dr . Wendy M . Williams, a professor in the department of human development at Cornell and one of the contributors to " The Rising Curve, " said that fluid intelligence, or the ability to know how to do something, is growing while crystallized intelligence, the possession of information, is decreasing.
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The broad abilities recognized by the model are fluid intelligence ( Gf ), crystallized intelligence ( Gc ), general memory and learning ( Gy ), broad visual perception ( Gv ), broad auditory perception ( Gu ), broad retrieval ability ( Gr ), broad cognitive speediness ( Gs ), and processing speed ( Gt ).
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