Another type of DNA damage, the double strand break, was shown to cause cell death ( loss of cells ) through apoptosis.
22.
DNA double strand breaks in mammalian cells are primarily repaired by homologous recombination ( HR ) and non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ).
23.
During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing.
24.
ATR is related to a second checkpoint-activating kinase, ATM, which is activated by double strand breaks in DNA or chromatin disruption.
25.
In humans, RAD51 is a 339-amino acid protein that plays a major role in homologous recombination of DNA during double strand break repair.
26.
Inevitably however, these nicks prevent future DNA replication because the break causes the replication fork to collapse and causes double strand breaks in the actual DNA sequence.
27.
A complex of the three proteins MRE11, MRN complex in humans, recruits ATM to double strand breaks ( DSBs ) and holds the two ends together.
28.
If such nicks persist unrepaired until DNA is replicated ( which must precede cell division ), then the replication itself can cause double strand breaks to form.
29.
A deficiency of FAN1 increases in vitro sensitivity to cisplatin and mitomycin C, two crosslinking agents FAN1 is also able to repair mitomycin C induced double strand breaks.
30.
An additional significant source of mutations in eukaryotes is the inaccurate DNA repair process non-homologous end joining, that is often employed in repair of double strand breaks.
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