Electron donating groups are generally ortho / para directors for electrophilic aromatic substitutions, while electron withdrawing groups are generally meta directors with the exception of the halogens which are also ortho / para directors as they have lone pairs of electrons that are shared with the aromatic ring.
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An "'electron withdrawing group "'( "'EWG "') will have the opposite effect on nucleophilicity as an EDG, as it removes electron density from a ? system, making the ? system more electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions slower and more complex, and EWGs are often called "'deactivating groups " '.
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