21. Modern samplers ( for sub-megahertz operation ) are usually build out of field effect transistors. 22. Field effect transistors have been made using both semiconducting carbon nanotubes and with heterostructured semiconductor nanowires.23. Transconductance is a commonly used specification for measuring the performance of field effect transistors and vacuum tubes. 24. Recently, there has been renewed interest in using field effect arrays as cold cathodes in X-ray tubes. 25. Field effect transistors were fabricated from those.26. "switching mixers " use arrays of field effect transistors or ( in older days ) vacuum tubes. 27. Representative scheme of the section of a field effect transistor based on a monolayer of MoS 2 28. This high mobility allows the fabrication of higher-speed P-channel field effect transistors, which are required for CMOS logic. 29. In this region, near-field behavior dies out and ceases to be important, leaving far-field effects as dominant interactions. 30. Ion gels have been successfully used as gate insulators for field effect transistors which reduces the voltage requirements.