Some of these spectral lines can be forbidden on the Earth : in fact, collisions between particles can excite ions to metastable states; in a dense gas these ions immediately collide with other particles and so they de-excite with an allowed transition to an intermediate level, while in the corona it is more probable that this ion remains in its metastable state, until it encounters a photon of the same frequency of the forbidden transition to the lower state.
22.
The lasers needed for the magneto-optical trapping of rubidium 85 : ( a ) & ( b ) show the absorption ( red detuned to the dotted line ) and spontaneous emission cycle, ( c ) & ( d ) are forbidden transitions, ( e ) shows that if the cooling laser excites an atom to the F = 3 state, it is allowed to decay to the " dark " lower hyperfine, " F " = 2 state, which would stop the cooling process, if it were not for the repumper laser ( f ).
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