The code frequency deviation is 1 / 1, 540 times the carrier frequency deviation for L1 because the code frequency is 1 / 1, 540 of the carrier frequency ( see ?Frequencies used by GPS ).
22.
Value of frequency deviation belongs to the hold-in range if the loop re-achieves locked state after small perturbations of the filter's state, the phases and frequencies of VCO and the input signals.
23.
So + /-. 5 Hz should cover extreme frequency deviations, and a somewhat tighter band ( + /-. 1 Hz ? ) should cover normal day to day deviations, outside of system instability or overloads.
24.
The pull-in range is used to name such frequency deviations that make the acquisition process possible ( see, e . g . explanations in [, p . 40 ], [, p . 61 ] ).
25.
The short-term stability is measured by four main parameters : Allan variance ( the most common one specified in oscillator data sheets ), phase noise, spectral density of phase deviations, and spectral density of fractional frequency deviations.
26.
In analog frequency modulation, such as FM radio broadcasting of an audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, is proportional to the modulating signal.
27.
Where " A c " represents the amplitude of the CPFSK signal, " f c " is the base carrier frequency, and " D f " is a parameter that controls the frequency deviation of the modulated signal.
28.
OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization between the receiver and the transmitter; with frequency deviation the sub-carriers will no longer be orthogonal, causing " inter-carrier interference " ( ICI ) ( i . e ., cross-talk between the sub-carriers ).
29.
The center frequency must be no more than 25 kHz from this nominal value and the frequency deviation must be no more than 25 kHz peak when being tone used to modulate the subcarrier is nominally 1200 Hz, but may vary by as much as 800 Hz ( 400 to 2000 Hz ).
30.
The FM broadcasting range ( 87.5 108 MHz, NOTE : In some countries the 87.5 88.0 MHz part of the band is not used ) uses a channel spacing of 200 kHz, with a maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz, leaving a 25 kHz buffer above the highest and below the lowest frequency to reduce interaction with other channels.
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