"' Gruimorphae "'is a clade of birds that contains the orders Charadriiformes ( plovers, gulls, and allies ) and Gruiformes ( cranes and rails ) identified in 2014 by genome analysis.
22.
These latter taxa, remarkably, were all only tentatively placed in the Gruiformes, and are apparently all of Gondwanan origin; like the mesites, the kagu and sunbittern are among the rather few birds possessing powder down.
23.
They and the mesites did not group with traditional Gruiformes in their study, but instead with their proposed clade Metaves, which also includes the hoatzin, pigeons, Caprimulgiformes, flamingos, tropicbirds, Apodiformes, sandgrouse and grebes.
24.
Historically these birds were placed at different parts of the tree, with tropicbirds in Pelecaniformes and the kagu and sunbittern in Gruiformes, though in the last decade various genetic analysis had found in the almost obsolete clade Metaves of uncertain placement within that group.
25.
Considering that some " odd Gruiformes " which might be each other's closest living relatives make up most of the remaining Metaves, the doves, the hoatzin, and sandgrouse would remain as " Metaves " incerta sedis " " ( Metaves with uncertain placement ).
26.
The kagu and sunbittern, and possibly the adzebills, seem to form a distinct Gondwanan lineage of birds, possibly one order, possibly more, though the relationships between them and groups previously considered related, such as the mesites and the " core Gruiformes, " are not yet resolved.
27.
Specimen AMNH FR 2941, a left coracoid from the Late Eocene Irdin Manha Formation of Chimney Butte ( Inner Mongolia ) was initially assessed as a basal mid-sized " buteonine "; it is today considered to be more likely to belong in the Gruiformes genus " Eogrus ".
28.
On the territory of the Prioksko-Terrasny state nature biosphere reserve, covering 4945 ha, 134 species of birds from 14 orders ( Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes ) had been registered by 1991.
29.
However, a cladistic analysis of the forelimb skeleton found it highly similar to the great crested grebe and unlike the painted buttonquail ( now known to be a basal charadriiform lineage ), the black-necked stilt ( a more advanced charadriiform ), or the limpkin ( a member of the Grui suborder of Gruiformes ), namely in that its dorsal condyle of the humerus was not angled at 20? 30?away from long axis of the humerus.
30.
Recent studies ( Alvarenga and H�fling 2003, Mayr 2005 ) have found " Strigogyps " to be a more basal member of Cariamae, and not particularly close to the phorusrhachids . " Salmila robusta ", another bird from Messel was found to be more basal than " Strigogyps ", and the clade composed of " Salmila " and Cariamae to be the sister taxon to Psophiidae within a monophyletic Gruiformes.
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