As they accumulated between 170, 000 and 120, 000 years ago, ice wedge polygons formed in these sediments as the result of extremely cold and dry conditions.
22.
Patterned ground-large polygonal ground patterns and ice wedges caused by frost over a long period of time are common throughout the region except for areas of solid bedrock.
23.
These depressions formed as the result of the thawing of ice wedges and other permafrost during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition about 12, 000 to 10, 000 years ago.
24.
Ice wedges form in a pre-existing geological substrate and were first described in 1919 . Popov, 1962; Shumskiy and Vtyurin, 1966; Pewe, 1966b; French et al ., 1982; Michel, 1990
25.
They contain ice wedge polygon systems that formed during the Early Weichselian stadial, about 100, 000 to 50, 000 years ago, as the result of extremely cold and dry conditions.
26.
Eemian lake sediments fill depressions, i . e . ice wedge casts and thermokarst lakes, which developed by the surficial thawing during Eemian interglacial climates of Saalian ice-wedges and other permafrost.
27.
Several of the levels are without hominin remains, or have been disturbed primarily through cryoturbations ice wedging, there are some stratigraphically separated hominin levels at Vindija Cave associated with humans and Neanderthals.
28.
New ice wedge polygon systems later formed in these sediments during the Late Holocene as result of pronounced climatic cooling, which only recently has reversed in the last couple of hundred years.
29.
Once temperatures reach " 17 degrees Celsius or lower, the ice that has already formed acts like a solid and expands to form cracks in the surface known as ice wedges.
30.
This most commonly occurs in northern subarctic taiga forests of Black Spruce ( " Picea mariana " ) under which discontinuous permafrost or ice wedges have melted, causing trees to tilt at various angles.
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