In quantum mechanics there is a fundamental distinction between " identical particles " and " distinguishable " particles.
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His research interests included the de Broglie waveguides; and the behaviour of identical particles including fermions, bosons, and anyons.
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This is exact for an ideal gas of identical particles, and may or may not be a good approximation for other systems.
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Many physicists prefer to take the converse interpretation, which is that " quantum field theory explains what identical particles are ".
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This has a large area of potential applications, from symmetric function theory to problems of quantum mechanics for a number of identical particles.
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The treatment of identical particles is very different for bosons ( particles with integer spin ) versus fermions ( particles with half-integer spin ).
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Species of identical particles include elementary particles such as electrons, and with some clauses, composite particles such as atoms and molecules . ""
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For systems of identical particles this is related to the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that by interchanges of any two of the particles one must have
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For bosons, the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together, as in Bose Einstein condensation.
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Although H'is necessarily invariant under permutations of identical particles ( since H and the COM kinetic energy are invariant ), its invariance is not manifest.
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