21. The queens participate in a society of inclusive fitness rather than in a struggle for direct fitness. 22. Helpers primarily benefit from an inclusive fitness . 23. This work has led to many comments including strong criticism from the proponents of inclusive fitness theory. 24. The essentialist position emphasizes inclusive fitness as the reason homosexuality has not been eradicated by natural selection. 25. Nowak's paper, however, received major criticisms for erroneously separating inclusive fitness theory from " standard natural selection ". 26. Inclusive fitness theory thus does not imply that " organisms evolve to direct altruism towards genetic relatives ".27. Components of fitness include the wellbeing of existing offspring, parents'future sexual reproduction, and inclusive fitness through aid to kin. 28. This is variously called " kin theory ", " kin selection theory " or " inclusive fitness theory ". 29. At the same time, it is understandable that Alexander took the inclusive fitness of individuals as a heuristic device. 30. Theories in evolutionary biology relevant to understanding social behavior may not be limited to frameworks such as inclusive fitness theory.
