Instead of recognizing Phrymaceae and several of the other Lamiales families of APG III, some authors have chosen to maintain a large polyphyletic Scrophulariaceae until there is a clear understanding of how it should be " disintegrated ".
22.
As of 2016 it is considered to be the sister genus to the Gesneriaceae family as previously defined, and the family was tentatively enlarge to include the genus, pending a revision of the families included in Lamiales.
23.
Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the " pair-flowered cyme ", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales ( Calceolariaceae and some Scrophulariaceae ) share it.
24.
Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the " pair-flowered cyme ", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales ( Calceolariaceae and some Scrophulariaceae ) share it.
25.
In the APG II taxonomy they are placed in the order Lamiales, but a 2008 study suggested that they are sister to the Bruniaceae, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website proposes incorporating this finding by placing both families in order Bruniales.
26.
In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order "'Plantaginales "', but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.
27.
Scrophulariales is largely now Lamiales, which we already have a stub category for; Rubiales is Gentianales, proposed above; Urticales is now in the Rosales, which is already another stub type, and Primulales are in the Ericales, proposed above.
28.
A 2009 study suggests that the Asparagales have the highest diversification rate in the monocots, about the same as the order Poales, although in both orders the rate is little over half that of the eudicot order Lamiales, the clade with the highest rate.
29.
"' Pedaliaceae "'( "'pedalium family "'or "'sesame family "') is a flowering plant family classified in the order Scrophulariales in the Cronquist system and Lamiales in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.
30.
Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families.
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