From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.
22.
According to the presentation, " Unlike the Space Shuttle, the Dream Chaser does not require any unique landing aids or specialized equipment as it uses all non-toxic propellants and industry standard subsystems ."
23.
Proper glideslope is maintained using the Fresnel lens Optical Landing System ( FLOLS ), Improved Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System ( IFLOLS ), or Manually Operated Visual Landing Aid System ( MOVLAS ).
24.
Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam, a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather.
25.
As the first of her kind, " HMshM " provided valuable experience and insight into carrier air operations for the IJN . The ship was used for testing aircraft and equipment, particularly various types of arresting gear and optical landing aids.
26.
The MOVLAS is a backup visual landing aid system used when the primary optical system ( IFLOLS ) is inoperable, stabilization limits are exceeded or unreliable ( primarily due to extreme sea states causing a pitching deck ), and for pilot / LSO training.
27.
An important development of the early 1950s was the British invention of the Mirror Landing Aid was invented by Lieutenant Commander H . C . N . Goodhart RN . The first trials of a mirror landing sight were conducted on HMS " Illustrious " in 1952.
28.
The functional runway is also equipped with landing aids such as the Middle Marker ( MM ), Glide Path ( GP ), the Localizer ( LLZ ) and the PAPI . All the stated instruments are installed to be utilized by aircraft to assist them during the final approach process and landing manoeuvres.
29.
Following the development of Radar in World War II, it was deployed as a landing aid for civil aviation in the form of ground-controlled approach ( GCA ) systems, joined in 1948 by distance measuring equipment ( DME ), and in the 1950s by airport surveillance radar as an aid to air traffic control.
30.
Going strictly by the book, the pilots on Wednesday's flight to Dubrovnik could have been justified in turning back from their approach to Dubrovnik's airport : The weather that day has been called the worst in a decade, the airport was not equipped with modern precision landing aids, and the mountainous coastal terrain is tricky under any circumstances.
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