GABA-ergic neurons from the SCN inhibit the " paraventricular nucleus ", which signals the " superior cervical ganglion " ( SCG ) through entrains " the 24-hour cycle of SCN activity.
22.
The paraventricular nucleus transports CRH to the anterior pituitary, stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) release via CRH type 1 receptors, thereby activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA ) and, thus, glucocorticoid release.
23.
Vasopressin and oxytocin are also synthesized in the parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which project to the median eminence, where they are transported and secreted into the hypophyseal portal system to stimulate the anterior pituitary.
24.
The DMH is also a part of the pathway corticotrophin-releasing hormone ( CRH ) takes when it is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and it is involved in the flow from the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal gland.
25.
Based on its inhibitory actions on CREB phosphorylation, increased RASD1 in vasopressin-expressing neurons may be essential in controlling the transcriptional responses to stressors in both the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus via modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.
26.
Setmelanotide binds to and activates MC 4 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus ( PVN ) of the hypothalamus and in the lateral hypothalamic area ( LHA ), areas involved in the regulation of appetite, and this action is thought to underlie its appetite suppressant effects.
27.
The mechanical stimulation of the ewe s vagina and cervix by expulsion of the fetus induces a neural release of oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, as well as in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area and the olfactory bulb.
28.
Avpr1a is present in the lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra ( pars compacta ), superior colliculus, raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, inferior olive, choroid plexus, endothelial cells, area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract.
29.
Information goes from the NTS to a large number of other regions of the brain including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the central nucleus of the amygdala, as well as to other nuclei in the brainstem ( such as the parabrachial area, the Locus coeruleus, the Dorsal raphe nucleus, and other visceral motor or respiratory networks ).
30.
For instance, communication between an activated amygdala and the lateral hypothalamus results in increased blood pressure and dilation of the pupils; the initiation of the central grey via communication from the amygdala results in the organism's becoming frozen in its tracks; communication between the activated amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases hormones associated with stress ( biology ).
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