The cellular environment of " E . coli " is normally too reducing for disulphide bonds to form, proteins with disulphide bonds therefore may be secreted to its periplasmic space, however, mutants in which the reduction of both thioredoxins and glutathione is impaired also allow disulphide bonded proteins to be produced in the cytoplasm of " E . coli ".
22.
For example, proteins with multiple disulphide bonds may be produced in the periplasmic space or in the cytoplasm of mutants rendered sufficiently oxidizing to allow disulphide-bonds to form, while proteins requiring post-translational modification such as glycosylation for stability or function have been expressed using the N-linked glycosylation system of " Campylobacter jejuni " engineered into " E . coli ".
23.
Mycoplasmas, are among the smallest self-replicating organisms, are parasitic species that lack a cell wall and periplasmic space, have reduced genomes, and limited metabolic activity . " M . pneumoniae " are the only bacterial cells that possess cholesterol in their cell membrane ( obtained from the host ) and possess more genes that encode for membrane lipoprotein variations than other mycoplasmas, which are thought to be associated with its parasitic lifestyle . " M . pneumoniae " cells also possess an attachment organelle, which is used in the gliding motility of the organism by an unknown mechanism.
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