In a solid the spins of many electrons can act together to affect the magnetic and electronic properties of a material, for example endowing it with a permanent magnetic moment as in a ferromagnet.
22.
The permanent magnetic preloaded air-bearing guidance system may be used for many types of hanging transportation movements as well as for many other applications, such as for instance for the stick-slip-free positioning of components during assembly.
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When a magnetic field is absent the material has spontaneous magnetization which is a result of the ordered magnetic moments; that is, for ferromagnetism, the atoms are symmetrical and aligned in the same direction creating a permanent magnetic field.
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However, due to lack of control over the specific transformations involved in the formation of the particles, truly superparamagnetic particles have not yet been prepared from magnetite, i . e . magnetite nanoparticles that completely lose their permanent magnetic characteristic in the absence of an external magnetic field ( which by definition show a coercivity of 0 A / m ).
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Undulators only became practical devices for insertion in synchrotron light sources in 1981, when teams at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL ), Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory ( SSRL ), and at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics ( BINP ) in Russia developed permanent magnetic arrays, known as Halbach arrays, which allowed short repeating periods unachievable with either electromagnetic coils or superconducting coils.
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Goldwind USA has sold close to 300 MW of permanent magnetic direct drive ( PMDD ) turbines, with the Compton, Illinois-based Shady Oaks project serving as its largest utility scale wind farm at 109.5MW . Goldwind USA works with US-based suppliers including North Dakota's LM Wind Power, the Timken Company in Ohio, Maxwell Technologies in California and Broadwind Energy in Wisconsin among many others.
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