Starting next year, the Navy plans to equip subs with so-called " permissive action links, " or PALs, a general term for electronic techniques by which Washington authorizes military commanders to " arm " nuclear weapons prior to launch.
22.
Many techniques are used, including Permissive Action Links and strong link weak link systems, designed to fail in case of an accident or improper arming sequence; these include mechanical interlocks, critical parts designed to malfunction in case of fire or impact, etc.
23.
These mechanisms do not prevent misuse of the weapon, which is restricted by Permissive Action Link code systems, or an accident from physically causing initiation of the explosives or detonators directly from extremely high temperatures, impact forces, or electrical disturbance such as lightning.
24.
The Pugwash organization, which campaigns for nuclear disarmament, quotes Pakistani generals as saying late last year that their warheads can be put together " very quickly, " and have no " permissive action links, " a security mechanism designed to prevent unauthorized access.
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The system is fail safe in case of loss of link or data packet corruption and any individual part of the interlocking plant will automatically ensure that the least permissive action is taken in the case of absent or inconsistent data from one of its sources.
26.
In peacetime, the nuclear weapons stored in non-nuclear countries are guarded by United States Air Force ( USAF ) personnel and previously, some nuclear artillery and missile systems were guarded by United States Army ( USA ) personnel; the Permissive Action Link codes required for arming them remain under American control.
27.
In 1986 a private panel of experts known as the International Task Force on the Prevention of Terrorism released a report urging all nuclear-armed states to beware the dangers of terrorism and work on equipping their nuclear arsenals with permissive action links . " The probability of nuclear terrorism, " the experts warned, " is increasing and the consequences for urban and industrial societies could be catastrophic ."
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