Medium-voltage distribution lines may also use one or two shield wires, or may have the grounded conductor strung below the phase conductors to provide some measure of protection against tall vehicles or equipment touching the energized line, as well as to provide a neutral line in Wye wired systems.
22.
For example, if the imbalance is limited to 25 % of the total load ( half of one half ) rather than the absolute worst-case 50 %, then conductors 3 / 8 of the single-phase size will guarantee the same maximum voltage drop, totalling 9 / 8 of one single-phase conductor, 56 % of the copper of the two single-phase conductors.
23.
For example, if the imbalance is limited to 25 % of the total load ( half of one half ) rather than the absolute worst-case 50 %, then conductors 3 / 8 of the single-phase size will guarantee the same maximum voltage drop, totalling 9 / 8 of one single-phase conductor, 56 % of the copper of the two single-phase conductors.
24.
Since normal circuit currents in the neutral conductor can lead to objectionable or dangerous differences between local earth potential and the neutral, and to protect against neutral breakages, special precautions such as frequent rodding down to earth ( multiple ground rod connections ), use of cables where the combined neutral and earth completely surrounds the phase conductor ( s ), and thicker than normal equipotential bonding must be considered to ensure the system is safe.
25.
Any fault to earth ( for example caused by a person touching a live component in the attached appliance ) causes some of the current to take a different return path, which means that there is an imbalance ( difference ) in the current in the two conductors ( single-phase case ), or, more generally, a nonzero sum of currents from among various conductors ( for example, three phase conductors and one neutral conductor ).
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