In the late 19th century, an even more extreme form of phenomenalism was formulated by Ernst Mach, later developed and refined by Russell, Ayer and the logical positivists.
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In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of " phenomenalism " in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics.
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Enaction has been seen as a move to conjoin representationalism with phenomenalism, that is, as adopting a constructivist epistemology, an epistemology centered upon the active participation of the subject in constructing reality.
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By then, many had replaced Mach's phenomenalism with Otto Neurath's physicalism, and Rudolf Carnap had sought to replace " verification " with simply " confirmation ".
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Mach defended a type of phenomenalism recognizing only 1905 demonstration that the statistical fluctuations of atoms allowed measurement of their existence without direct individuated sensory evidence marked a turning point in the acceptance of atomic theory.
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According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal.
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Three important concepts discussed in the " Three Dialogues " are perceptual relativity, the conceivability / master argument ( " master argument " was coined by Andr?Gallois ), and Berkeley's phenomenalism.
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A third common objection in the literature is that phenomenalism, in attempting to convert propositions about material objects into hypothetical propositions about sensibilia, postulates the existence of an irreducibly material observer in the antecedent of the conditional.
His work in the 1930s and 40s bears a strong influence of phenomenalism, a form of radical empiricism ( not to be confused with " phenomenology ", which examines the structure and content of consciousness ).
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