In the past history of the universe, some stars were even larger than the largest that exists today, and they would immediately collapse into a black hole at the end of their lives, due to photodisintegration.
22.
Some speculated mechanisms for their formation include proton capture as well as photodisintegration, although 115 Sn might also be partially produced in the s-process, both directly, and as the daughter of long-lived 115 In.
23.
"' Photodisintegration "'( also called "'phototransmutation "') is a physical process in which an extremely high energy gamma ray is absorbed by an atomic nucleus and causes it to enter an excited state which immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle.
24.
Such nuclei are called p-nuclei, and their origin is not yet well understood : some speculated mechanisms for their formation include proton capture as well as photodisintegration . 140 Ce is the most common isotope of cerium, as it can be produced in both the s-and r-processes, while 142 Ce can only be produced in the r-process.
25.
However, as proton captures are inhibited by the Coulomb barrier, the cross sections for those charged-particle reactions at lower energies are greatly suppressed, and in the higher energy regimes where proton captures have a large probability to occur, there is often a competition between the proton capture and the photodisintegration that occurs in explosive hydrogen burning; but because the proton drip line is relatively much closer to the valley of beta-stability than is the neutron drip line, nucleosynthesis in some environments may proceed as far as either nucleon drip line.
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