That essay distinguished between " negative liberty, " which is letting people alone, and " positive liberty, " which, while theoretically aimed at emancipating human potential, has ended up putting coercive power into the hands of despots.
22.
The concepts of structure and agency are central to the concept of positive liberty because in order to be free, a person should be free from inhibitions of the social structure in carrying out their free will.
23.
In this perspective, the vision of individual rights is perceived more in terms of an " undifferentiated mass of liberty " rather than a bundle of separate positive liberties and freedoms which define the relationship between citizen and state.
24.
He stated that positive liberty could only apply when the withdrawal of liberty from an individual was in pursuit of a choice that individual himself / herself made, not a general principle of society or any other person's opinion.
25.
This rationalist conflation was open to political abuses, which encroached on negative liberty, when such interpretations of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, paternalism, social engineering, historicism, and collective rational control over human destiny.
26.
There is nothing paradoxical about making an agreement beforehand providing for paternalistic supervision in circumstances when our competence is open to doubt . " In this sense, positive liberty is the adherence to a set of rules agreed upon by all parties involved.
27.
Berlin traced positive liberty from Aristotle's definition of citizenship, which is historically derived from the social role of the freemen of classical Athens : it was, Berlin argued, the liberty in choosing their government granted to citizens, and extolled, most famously, by Pericles.
28.
It has been accompanied by a shift of emphasis from negative liberty to positive liberties and paternalistic protections, and by an acceptance of limits to human possibilities and a deference to " nature " all in marked contrast to the spirit of Enlightenment humanism.
29.
In it, he made a distinction between negative liberty, that which the individual must be allowed to enjoy without state interference, and positive liberty, that which the state permits by imposing regulations that, by necessity, limit some freedoms in the name of greater liberty for all.
30.
In the famous " Two Concepts of Liberty " he set forth his notions of negative liberty, which the individual must be allowed to enjoy without interference, and positive liberty, which is an expression of some idea of what is good for both oneself and others.
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