When the analyzer is perfectly aligned with the monochromator and thus positioned to the peak of the rocking curve, a standard X-ray radiograph with enhanced contrast is obtained because there is no blurring by scattered photons.
22.
A small fraction of the scattered photons ( approximately 1 in 10 million ) are scattered by an excitation, with the scattered photons having a frequency different from, and usually lower than, that of the incident photons.
23.
A small fraction of the scattered photons ( approximately 1 in 10 million ) are scattered by an excitation, with the scattered photons having a frequency different from, and usually lower than, that of the incident photons.
24.
The final energy of the scattered photon, E _ \ gamma', depends only on the scattering angle and the original photon energy, and so it can be computed without the use of the Klein Nishina formula:
25.
If the polarization in the molecule does not couple to these other possible polarizations, then it will not change the vibrational state that the molecule started in and the scattered photon will have the same energy as the original photon.
26.
In inelastic ( Raman ) scattering, an absorbed photon is re-emitted with lower energy; the difference in energy between the incident photons and scattered photons corresponds to the energy required to excite a molecule to a higher vibrational mode.
27.
When the polarization in the molecules couples to a vibrational state that is higher in energy than the state they started in, then the original photon and the scattered photon differ in energy by the amount required to vibrationally excite the molecule.
28.
Rayleigh scattering of molecular nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere includes elastic scattering as well as the inelastic contribution from rotational Raman scattering in air, since the changes in wavenumber of the scattered photon are typically smaller than 50 cm " 1.
29.
In full-field optical coherence tomography, " crosstalk " refers to the phenomenon that due to highly scattering objects, multiple scattered photons reach the image plane and generate coherent signal after traveling a pathlength that matches that of the sample depth within a coherence length.
30.
This shift in frequency is designated as a Stokes shift . If the final vibrational state is less energetic than the initial state, then the inelastically scattered photon will be shifted to a higher frequency, and this is designated as an anti-Stokes shift . Raman scattering is an example of inelastic scattering because the energy and momentum transfer between the photons and the molecules during the interaction results in a difference in energy between the incident and scattered photons.
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