21. The surface of cold cathodes can emit secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity ( breakdown ). 22. Where V _ \ mathrm { b } is the breakdown potential in volts Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient. 23. Faraday cups are used e . g . in mass spectrometers being an alternative to secondary electron multipliers. 24. X-rays generate secondary electrons as in the cases of extreme ultraviolet lithography and electron beam lithography. 25. It may also be related to secondary electron or process-related edge blur from closer neighboring line ends. 26. These plots include : orbital motion limited theory, photoemission, secondary electron emission, and secondary ion emission. 27. Hence, it is important to recognize the significant contribution of secondary electrons to the spread of the energy deposition. 28. Cold cathodes rely on field electron emission or secondary electron emission from positive ion bombardment and do not require heating. 29. Advanced surface interactions can be modeled, including user-defined secondary electron emission, sputtering, and surface charging. 30. Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage.
