In addition to expanding and refining the introduction, the existing subtopics should be developed further, especially the subtopic pertaining to examples of the roles of silent mutations in disease.
22.
Because silent mutations do not alter protein function they are often treated as though they are selection for the use of particular codons due to the need for translational stability.
23.
Silent mutations alter the secondary structure of mRNA . mRNA has a secondary structure that is not necessarily linear like that of DNA, thus the shape that accompanies complementary bonding in the structure can have significant effects.
24.
Silent mutations lead to a change of one of the letters in the triplet code that represents a codon, but despite the single base change, the amino acid that is coded for remains unchanged or similar in biochemical properties.
25.
A silent mutation in the multidrug resistance gene 1 ( MDR1 ), which codes for a cellular membrane pump that expels drugs from the cell, can slow down translation in a specific location to allow the peptide chain to bend into an unusual conformation.
26.
Czech A, Fedyunin I, Zhang G, Ignatova Z . Silent mutations in sight : co-variations in tRNA abundance as a key to unravel consequences of silent mutations . " Mol Biosyst " . 2010 Oct; 6 ( 10 ) : 1767-72 . doi : 10.1039 / c004796c.
27.
Czech A, Fedyunin I, Zhang G, Ignatova Z . Silent mutations in sight : co-variations in tRNA abundance as a key to unravel consequences of silent mutations . " Mol Biosyst " . 2010 Oct; 6 ( 10 ) : 1767-72 . doi : 10.1039 / c004796c.
28.
When an amino acid may be encoded by more than one codon ( so-called " degenerate coding " ) a mutation in a codon may not produce any change in translation; this would be a silent mutation ( a type of synonymous substitution, which is not always silent ) and not a missense mutation.
29.
A practical consequence of redundancy is that some errors in the genetic code cause only a silent mutation or an error that would not affect the protein because the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is maintained by equivalent substitution of amino acids; for example, a codon of NUN ( where N = any nucleotide ) tends to code for hydrophobic amino acids.
30.
Considering this, it is easy to see that fossil data, compared to molecular data, tends to be more accurate in general, but also to underestimate divergence times : morphological traits, being the product of entire developmental genetics networks, usually only start to diverge some time " after " a lineage split would become apparent in DNA sequence comparison-especially if the sequences used contain many silent mutations.
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