Pulmonary ventilation may be evaluated using a breathing tube or spirometer, measuring the movement of the chest and abdominal walls using respiratory inductance plethysmography or by isolating the subject in an enclosed metabolic chamber ( body plethysmography ).
22.
They have compared simultaneous measurements of tidal breathing followed by full inspiration and force expiration by Pneumatac and SLP . The Pneumatac data was obtained using a laptop based spirometer and exported for analysis using J-scope software.
23.
In order to do so oxygen consumption ( VO 2 ) may be measured using a spirometer to detect gaseous concentrations in exhaled air compared to inhaled air, while cardiac output can be determined using a Doppler ultrasound.
24.
Note : to measure FRC the patient is connected to the spirometer directly after a normal breath ( when the lung volume equals FRC ), if the patient is initially connected to the spirometer at a different lung volume ( like TLC or RV ) the measured volume will be the initial volume started from and not FRC . In patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases the measurements of the helium dilution technique are not reliable because of incomplete equilibration of the helium in all areas of the lungs.
25.
Note : to measure FRC the patient is connected to the spirometer directly after a normal breath ( when the lung volume equals FRC ), if the patient is initially connected to the spirometer at a different lung volume ( like TLC or RV ) the measured volume will be the initial volume started from and not FRC . In patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases the measurements of the helium dilution technique are not reliable because of incomplete equilibration of the helium in all areas of the lungs.
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