"The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology ", dealing specifically with the crucifixion of Jesus, says it is most likely that the " stauros " had a transverse in the form of a crossbeam . " Secular sources do not permit any conclusion to be drawn as to the precise form of the cross, as to whether it was the " crux immissa " ( ) or " crux commissa " ( T ).
22.
:: The Jehovah's Witness article is interesting, but they do not address the fact that the Latin " crux " comes from a root meaning " to turn ", that the fifth century Greek [ Herodotus ] ] mentions crucifixion with hands and feet spread, mostly by non-Greeks, and they do not tell us of a first-century Greek word besides " stauros " which refers exclusively to execution on a cross as opposed to a stake.
23.
For example, in relation to the Christian cross, he wrote in his commentary on the Apostles'Creed that the Greek word " stauros " originally signified " a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador ", but that, " when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name ", and he declared : " The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the " Romans ", by whose Procurator he was condemned to die.
24.
John Pearson, Bishop of Chester ( c . 1660 ) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles'Creed that the Greek word " stauros " originally signified " a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador ", but that, " when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name ", and he declared : " The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the " Romans ", by whose Procurator he was condemned to die.
25.
Anglican theologian E . W . Bullinger, in " The Companion Bible " ( which was completed and published in 1922, nine years after his 1913 death ), was emphatic in his belief that " stauros " never meant two pieces of timber placed across one another at any angle, " but always of one piece alone . . . There is nothing [ of the word " stauros " ] in the Greek of the N . T . even to imply two pieces of timber . " Bullinger wrote that in the catacombs of Rome Christ was never represented there as " hanging on a cross " and that the cross was a pagan symbol of life ( the ankh ) in Egyptian churches that was borrowed by the Christians.
26.
Anglican theologian E . W . Bullinger, in " The Companion Bible " ( which was completed and published in 1922, nine years after his 1913 death ), was emphatic in his belief that " stauros " never meant two pieces of timber placed across one another at any angle, " but always of one piece alone . . . There is nothing [ of the word " stauros " ] in the Greek of the N . T . even to imply two pieces of timber . " Bullinger wrote that in the catacombs of Rome Christ was never represented there as " hanging on a cross " and that the cross was a pagan symbol of life ( the ankh ) in Egyptian churches that was borrowed by the Christians.
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