21. Waviness is the measure of surface irregularities with a spacing greater than that of surface roughness . 22. Surface roughness commonly shortened to " roughness ", is a measure of the finely spaced surface irregularities.23. Surface roughness , nano-bubbles at the surface, slip, and compressional waves can interfere with the measurement of viscosity.24. The contact angles obtained for hydrophobic surfaces are directly related to surface roughnesses by the Wenzel equation. 25. Bowden and Tabor were the first to emphasize the importance of surface roughness for bodies in contact. 26. Some instruments use radar scatterometers to measure the surface roughness to account for this source of error. 27. By fine-tuning the surface roughness , it is possible to achieve a transition between both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic regions. 28. For example, the surface roughness can be used to increase { h } in order to enhance turbulence. 29. Using SPA-LEED may for instance permit a quantitative determination of the surface roughness , terrace sizes or surface steps. 30. Which path is realized physically depends on the initial conditions such as initial disturbance amplitude and surface roughness .
