During backward conditioning the US is presented before the CS . Unlike traditional conditioning models, in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response tends to be inhibitory.
22.
Classical conditioning ( or Pavlovian conditioning ) is a form of learning in which one stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus.
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The other is called trace conditioning, where the conditioned stimulus ( tone ) is shorter and stops before the unconditioned stimulus ( air puff ) begins, leaving a gap between the two stimuli.
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They started with a 9-month boy called Albert , who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise ( unconditioned stimulus ) of a hammer striking a steel bar.
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Several studies have also shown rodents can respond to a conditioned stimulus that has been associated with the distress of a conspecific, as if it were paired with the direct experience of an unconditioned stimulus.
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As in Pavlovian conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus, in this case environmental cues, is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces a response prior to conditioning ( the unconditioned response ).
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For example, an agent ( such as a mouse in the figure ) is exposed to a light ( the first conditioned stimulus, CS1 ), together with food ( the unconditioned stimulus, US ).
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When an insect encounters an odor to which it has no innate or learned response associated ( an unconditioned stimulus ), the signals are sent down the projecting neurons to the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies.
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Furthermore, it was tested that when the region's neurons that received auditory inputs also received unconditioned stimulus inputs and broad spectrum NMDAR antagonists in the lateral amygdala resulted in the disruption of the acquisition of fear learning.
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The other minimal requirement of a conditioning chamber is that it has a means of delivering a primary reinforcer ( a reward, such as food, etc . ) or unconditioned stimulus like food ( usually pellets ) or water.
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