A consequence of the Ekman theory explains that oceanic flow at the surface is directed at 45 degrees to the right of the wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere.
22.
Surface oceanic currents are sometimes wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere due to imposed wind stresses.
23.
Physically, this implies that the altered convection in the Pacific Ocean due to El Ni�o drives changes in the meridional gradient of wind stress curl over the equatorial Atlantic.
24.
The structure of a subtropical frontal zone results in the formation of a positive wind stress curl, which is the shear stress exerted by wind on the surface of water.
25.
For example, positive ( eastward ) anomalies in wind stress in the central Pacific excite positive anomalies in 20�C isotherm depth which propagate to the east as equatorial Kelvin waves.
26.
This is strikingly similar to the wind stress anomalies seen in the Pacific during El Ni�o ( or La Ni�a ) events, although centered farther west in the Atlantic basin.
27.
Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as " wind set-up ", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, and to decrease at the upwind shore.
28.
Sverdrup theory succinctly summarizes this phenomenon mathematically by defining a geostrophic mass transport per unit latitude, M, as the east-west integral of the meridional derivative of wind stress curl, minus any Ekman transport.
29.
A warm anomaly is associated with relaxed trade winds across a large swath of the equatorial Atlantic basin, while a cool anomaly is associated with enhanced easterly wind stress in the same region.
30.
In this simple, modeling setting, the principal factors that were accounted for influencing the oceanic circulation were surface wind stress, bottom friction, a variable surface height leading to horizontal pressure gradients, and finally, the Coriolis effect.
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