In general, the McDonald-Kreitman test is often thought to be unreliable because of how significantly the test tends to underestimate the degree of adaptive evolution in the presence of slightly deleterious mutations.
32.
Partial selective sweeps provide evidence of the most recent adaptive evolution, and the methods identify adaptive evolution by searching for regions with a high proportion of derived alleles ( Sabeti et al . 2006 ).
33.
Partial selective sweeps provide evidence of the most recent adaptive evolution, and the methods identify adaptive evolution by searching for regions with a high proportion of derived alleles ( Sabeti et al . 2006 ).
34.
In contradistinction from Gudykunst and Kim's version of adaptive evolution, Eric M . Kramer, in his theory of Cultural Fusion ( 2011, 2010, 2000a, 2011, 2012 ) maintains clear conceptual separation between assimilation, adaptation, and integration.
35.
Selection pressure in the environment selects for antigenic changes in the antigen determinants of HA, that includes places undergoing adaptive evolution and in antigenic locations undergoing substitutions, which ultimately results in changes in the antigenicity of the virus.
36.
A 2007 study done by Begun " et al . " compared the whole genome sequence of multiple lines of " Drosophila simulans " to the assembly of " D . melanogaster " and " UTRs ) that signaled adaptive evolution.
37.
Many factors can contribute to errors in estimates of the level of adaptive evolution, including presence of slightly deleterious mutations, variation of mutation rates across the genome, variation in coalescent histories across the genome, and changes in the effective population size.
38.
Some debate exists over the framework concerning the delineation of whether a speciation event is ecological or nonecological . " The pervasive effect of selection suggests that adaptive evolution and speciation are inseparable, casting doubt on whether speciation is ever nonecological ".
39.
However, recent studies of the molecular history of snake venom have contradicted this, instead finding evidence of rapid adaptive evolution in many different clades, including the genera " Echis " and " Sistrurus ", as well as generally in the diversification of PLA2 proteins.
40.
Haldane also applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as the Peppered moth evolution and industrial melanism, and showed that selection coefficients could be larger than Fisher assumed, leading to more rapid adaptive evolution as a camouflage strategy following increased pollution.
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