"' Leaf Anatomy "': The leaves of all species are built on a dorsiventral arrangement of cells, with the epidermis and palisade layer on the adaxial surface and the spongy tissue on the abaxial surface.
32.
The keel along the front of the trap contains a mixture of leftward-and rightward-facing vascular bundles, as would be predicted from the fusion of the edges of an adaxial ( stem-facing ) leaf surface.
33.
Most leaves have distinctive upper ( adaxial ) and lower ( abaxial ) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata ( pores that intake and output gases ), epicuticular wax amount and structure and other features.
34.
The adaxial ( i . e . upper ) surfaces of the leaves are nearly hairless or sparsely hairy, while the abaxial ( i . e . lower ) surfaces are sparsely hairy with the veins being more villous, or covered in shaggy hairs.
35.
Their abaxial surfaces ( i . e . undersides ) show weak cross veining and are pilose ( i . e . covered with fine, soft hairs ) or glabrous ( hairless ), while the adaxial surfaces ( i . e . upper sides ) are always pilose.
36.
"Quercus delgadoana " was determined as a new species because, unlike " Q . laurina " and " Q . affinis " because it has more secondary veins, a revolute blade margin, and an adaxial leaf surface without stellate trichomes.
37.
Vegetative leaves on " S . apoda " are lined with small teeth, have a scale-like appearance, are short in length, and change in shape and size in the same cuticle layer on their adaxial surfaces and they do not have hairs on their abaxial surfaces.
38.
Seed scales 100-150, serotinous or parting some time after maturing, tenacious or deciduous with the peduncle, ( thin ) woody, oblong, usually curved when spreading, the proximal scales connate, purple-brown to dark brown, with adaxial light brown marks left by seed wings.
39.
The "'epidermis "'( from the Greek " ?????????? ", meaning " over-skin " ) is a single layer of cells that covers the dorsoventral anatomy : the upper ( adaxial ) and lower ( abaxial ) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.
40.
The leaf petioles in " Retrophyllum " are uniquely twisted on the lateral shoots in opposite directions on each side of a shoot orienting the leaf blades with the adaxial or ventral surface upwards on one side of the shoot and the abaxial or dorsal surface upwards on the opposite side of the shoot.
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