He observed that " those who approach the study of baptism from the standpoint of archaeology tend to find greater probability that affusion, or perfusion was a normal practice; those who come from the literary evidence see a greater likelihood of immersion, or submersion, being the normal practice "; but he intended his own comprehensive survey to give coherence to the evidence ( p . 857 ).
32.
In cases of insufficient water it permits pouring ( affusion ), which it differentiates from immersion, using the Greek word " ekcheM ", ( " pour ", in the English translation ) and not " baptizM " ( " baptize ", in the English translation ), but which it still considers to be a form of baptism ( " baptisma " ).
33.
"' Immersion baptism "'( also known as "'baptism by immersion "'or "'baptism by submersion "') is a method of baptism that is distinguished from baptism by affusion ( pouring ) and by aspersion ( sprinkling ), sometimes without specifying whether the immersion is total or partial, but very commonly with the indication that the person baptized is immersed completely.
34.
Rogers concluded that " the direct evidence from archaeology alone may not be conclusive to show that in pre-Constantinian times baptism by affusion only was practiced generally or indeed in any one single case; but it does show that there was nothing repugnant in it to the general mind, that no stress was laid on total immersion, that the most important moments were held to be those when water was poured over the catchumen, and when the minister laid his hand on his head.
35.
Like Rice, whom he did not mention, Ferguson said that the size of the baptismal fonts was progressively reduced in connection with the prevalence of infant baptism, may reflect increased use of affusion or the decline of adult baptism [ & ] At Noli in Liguria beneath the Romanesque church of San Paragorio there is a fifth-century font, octagonal on the exterior and a circle on the interior with a diameter of 1.26 meters and a depth of about 1.60 meters.
36.
In addition, a significant number of depictions show baptismal water being poured over the candidate's head ( affusion ), either from a waterfall, an orb or some kind of liturgical vessel . " " Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible " also casts doubt on " the usual assumption that all NT baptisms were by immersion ", stating that some early baptisteries were deep enough to stand in but not broad enough to lie down in, and mentioning that ancient representation of Christ at his baptism show him standing in waist-deep water.
37.
In addition, a significant number of depictions show baptismal water being poured over the candidate's head ( affusion ), either from a waterfall, an orb or some kind of liturgical vessel . " " Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible ", also casts doubt on " the usual assumption that all NT baptisms were by immersion ", stating that some early baptisteries were deep enough to stand in but not broad enough to lie down in, and mentioning that ancient representation of Christ at his baptism show him standing in waist-deep water.
38.
This, taken in connexion with the known customs of later ages, make it more than probable that the usual method of administration was by affusion only . " Taking into account the positive archaeological evidence of post-Constantinian times, Roger concludes : " All the evidence of archaeology goes to prove that the essential part of baptism was considered in the early Church to be the pouring of water over the candidate's head by the bishop, or the guiding his head under a descending stream, followed by the laying on of hands "; he adds : " There remains the question, whether this was preceded by a self-immersion ".
39.
Laurie Guy says : " The church most likely practiced full immersion, partial immersion and affusion at various times and places in the early centuries, with sprinkling being practiced rarely ( and probably only for medical reasons ) during that time period . " Robin M . Jensen describes the early Christian baptismal ritual as having for basis " immersion in water ( or a thorough soaking by pouring ) ", and describes the primitive, first-century ritual as having encompassed both " application of water ( whether by immersion or by some other means ) and an imposition of hands ", adding that "'Baptism'originally conveyed the sense of water's application ( if not also immersion ) in its very definition ".
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