In severe cases where the heart's ability to control and trigger heartbeats may be completely ineffective or unreliable, heart block can usually be treated by inserting an artificial pacemaker, a medical device that provides correct electrical impulses to trigger heart beats, compensating for the natural pacemaker's unreliability.
32.
In the Framingham Heart Study, however, the presence of a prolonged PR interval or first degree AV block doubled the risk of developing atrial fibrillation ( irregular heart beat ), tripled the risk of requiring an artificial pacemaker, and was associated with a small increase in mortality.
33.
He also became the first person in history to ski to the South Pole with an artificial pacemaker which was implanted in 2008 and also the first to do so after undergoing brain surgery ( a craniotomy ) in 2014, required to remove a rare ( benign ) enterogenous cyst.
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Beginning in 1949, he worked with Dr . Wilfred Bigelow and Dr . John Callaghan at the Banting Institute in the University of Toronto, developing the world's first external artificial pacemaker in 1951 . ( The first internal pacemaker was implanted in a human body by a Swedish team in 1958 .)
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Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat ( cardiac arrest ) and of breathing, but the development of causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers.
36.
Invasive treatments include forms of catheter ablation such as "'sinus node modification "'( selective ablation of the sinus node ), "'complete sinus node ablation "'( with associated implantation of a permanent artificial pacemaker ) and "'AV node ablation "'in very resistant cases ( creation of iatrogenic complete heart block, necessitating implantation of a permanent artificial pacemaker ).
37.
Invasive treatments include forms of catheter ablation such as "'sinus node modification "'( selective ablation of the sinus node ), "'complete sinus node ablation "'( with associated implantation of a permanent artificial pacemaker ) and "'AV node ablation "'in very resistant cases ( creation of iatrogenic complete heart block, necessitating implantation of a permanent artificial pacemaker ).
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