In 1994, the watch was taken to the Interface Analysis Centre at Bristol University and studied by Dr Robert Wild using an electron microscope and Auger electron spectroscopy.
32.
Auger electron energies can be calculated based on measured values of the various E _ i and compared to peaks in the secondary electron spectrum in order to identify chemical species.
33.
In the latter case, a secondary electron is created and the energy state of the atom changes, which can result in the emission of Auger electrons or X-rays.
34.
Despite these sometimes substantial drawbacks, Auger electron spectroscopy is a widely used surface analysis technique that has been successfully applied to many diverse fields ranging from gas phase chemistry to nanostructure characterization.
35.
Instead, the inelastic scattering of the primary electrons in the crystal leads to the emission of secondary electrons, Auger electrons and X-rays, which in turn can scatter as well.
36.
Similarly the surface area can be screened by an electron beam eventually yielding auger electrons that are mapped, showing the distribution of atoms in different colours covering a surface area of predetermined size.
37.
There is less crystal charging from Bremsstrahlung radiation, although there is some from the emission of Auger electrons, and there is significantly less than if the primary beam was itself an electron beam.
38.
The x-rays and Auger electrons are emitted by the excited atomic shell of the daughter 26 Mg after the electron capture which typically leaves a hole in one of the lower sub-shells.
39.
While the fine pattern definition is due principally to secondaries from Auger electrons with a short path length, the primary electrons will sensitize the resist over a larger region than the X-ray exposure.
40.
Throughout the entire process an average of 13.3 electrons are emitted ( 10.3 of which are Auger electrons ), most with energies less than 400 eV ( 79 % of yield ).
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